On some particularly heavy sites, the user needs to see a visual cue temporarily to indicate that resources and assets are still loading before they taking in a finished site. There are different kinds of approaches to solving for this kind of UX, from spinners to skeleton screens.
If we are using an out-of-the-box solution that provides us the current progress, like preloader package by Jam3 does, building a loading indicator becomes easier.
For this, we will make a ring/circle, style it, animate given a progress, and then wrap it in a component for development use.
Step 1: Let's make an SVG ring
From the many ways available to draw a circle using just HTML and CSS, I'm choosing SVG since it's possible to configure and style through attributes while preserving its resolution in all screens.
<svg
class="progress-ring"
height="120"
width="120"
>
<circle
class="progress-ring__circle"
stroke-width="1"
fill="transparent"
r="58"
cx="60"
cy="60"
/>
</svg>
Inside an <svg> element we place a <circle> tag, where we declare the radius of the ring with the r attribute, its position from the center in the SVG viewBox with cx and cy and the width of the circle stroke.
You might have noticed the radius is 58 and not 60 which would seem correct. We need to subtract the stroke or the circle will overflow the SVG wrapper.
radius = (width / 2) - (strokeWidth * 2)
These means that if we increase the stroke to 4, then the radius should be 52.
52 = (120 / 2) - (4 * 2)
So it looks like a ring we need to set its fill to transparent and choose a stroke color for the circle.
See the Pen SVG ring by Jeremias Menichelli (@jeremenichelli) on CodePen.
Step 2: Adding the stroke
The next step is to animate the length of the outer line of our ring to simulate visual progress.
We are going to use two CSS properties that you might not have heard of before since they are exclusive to SVG elements, stroke-dasharray and stroke-dashoffset.
stroke-dasharray
This property is like border-style: dashed but it lets you define the width of the dashes and the gap between them.
.progress-ring__circle {
stroke-dasharray: 10 20;
}
With those values, our ring will have 10px dashes separated by 20px.
See the Pen Dashed SVG ring by Jeremias Menichelli (@jeremenichelli) on CodePen.
stroke-dashoffset
The second one allows you to move the starting point of this dash-gap sequence along the path of the SVG element.
Now, imagine if we passed the circle's circumference to both stroke-dasharray values. Our shape would have one long dash occupying the whole length and a gap of the same length which wouldn't be visible.
This will cause no change initially, but if we also set to the stroke-dashoffset the same length, then the long dash will move all the way and reveal the gap.
Decreasing stroke-dasharray would start to reveal our shape.
A few years ago, Jake Archibald explained this technique in this article, which also has a live example that will help you understand it better. You should go read his tutorial.
The circumference
What we need now is that length which can be calculated with the radius and this simple trigonometric formula.
circumference = radius * 2 * PI
Since we know 52 is the radius of our ring:
326.7256 ~= 52 * 2 * PI
We could also get this value by JavaScript if we want:
const circle = document.querySelector('.progress-ring__circle');
const radius = circle.r.baseVal.value;
const circumference = radius * 2 * Math.PI;
This way we can later assign styles to our circle element.
circle.style.strokeDasharray = `${circumference} ${circumference}`;
circle.style.strokeDashoffset = circumference;
Step 3: Progress to offset
With this little trick, we know that assigning the circumference value to stroke-dashoffset will reflect the status of zero progress and the 0 value will indicate progress is complete.
Therefore, as the progress grows we need to reduce the offset like this:
function setProgress(percent) {
const offset = circumference - percent / 100 * circumference;
circle.style.strokeDashoffset = offset;
}
By transitioning the property, we will get the animation feel:
.progress-ring__circle {
transition: stroke-dashoffset 0.35s;
}
One particular thing about stroke-dashoffset: its starting point is vertically centered and horizontally titled to the right. It's necessary to negatively rotate the circle to get the desired effect.
.progress-ring__circle {
transition: stroke-dashoffset 0.35s;
transform: rotate(-90deg);
transform-origin: 50% 50%,
}
Putting all of this together will give us something like this.
See the Pen vegymB by Jeremias Menichelli (@jeremenichelli) on CodePen.
A numeric input was added in this example to help you test the animation.
For this to be easily coupled inside your application it would be best to encapsulate the solution in a component.
As a web component
Now that we have the logic, the styles, and the HTML for our loading ring we can port it easily to any technology or framework.
First, let's use web components.
class ProgressRing extends HTMLElement {...}
window.customElements.define('progress-ring', ProgressRing);
This is the standard declaration of a custom element, extending the native HTMLElement class, which can be configured by attributes.
<progress-ring stroke="4" radius="60" progress="0"></progress-ring>
Inside the constructor of the element, we will create a shadow root to encapsulate the styles and its template.
constructor() {
super();
// get config from attributes
const stroke = this.getAttribute('stroke');
const radius = this.getAttribute('radius');
const normalizedRadius = radius - stroke * 2;
this._circumference = normalizedRadius * 2 * Math.PI;
// create shadow dom root
this._root = this.attachShadow({mode: 'open'});
this._root.innerHTML = `
<svg
height="${radius * 2}"
width="${radius * 2}"
>
<circle
stroke="white"
stroke-dasharray="${this._circumference} ${this._circumference}"
style="stroke-dashoffset:${this._circumference}"
stroke-width="${stroke}"
fill="transparent"
r="${normalizedRadius}"
cx="${radius}"
cy="${radius}"
/>
</svg>
<style>
circle {
transition: stroke-dashoffset 0.35s;
transform: rotate(-90deg);
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
}
</style>
`;
}
You may have noticed that we have not hardcoded the values into our SVG, instead we are getting them from the attributes passed to the element.
Also, we are calculating the circumference of the ring and setting stroke-dasharray and stroke-dashoffset ahead of time.
The next thing is to observe the progress attribute and modify the circle styles.
setProgress(percent) {
const offset = this._circumference - (percent / 100 * this._circumference);
const circle = this._root.querySelector('circle');
circle.style.strokeDashoffset = offset;
}
static get observedAttributes() {
return [ 'progress' ];
}
attributeChangedCallback(name, oldValue, newValue) {
if (name === 'progress') {
this.setProgress(newValue);
}
}
Here setProgress becomes a class method that will be called when the progress attribute is changed.
The observedAttributes are defined by a static getter which will trigger attributeChangeCallback when, in this case, progress is modified.
See the Pen ProgressRing web component by Jeremias Menichelli (@jeremenichelli) on CodePen.
This Pen only works in Chrome at the time of this writing. An interval was added to simulate the progress change.
As a Vue component
Web components are great. That said, some of the available libraries and frameworks, like Vue.js, can do quite a bit of the heavy-lifting.
To start, we need to define the view component.
const ProgressRing = Vue.component('progress-ring', {});
Writing a single file component is also possible and probably cleaner but we are adopting the factory syntax to match the final code demo.
We will define the attributes as props and the calculations as data.
const ProgressRing = Vue.component('progress-ring', {
props: {
radius: Number,
progress: Number,
stroke: Number
},
data() {
const normalizedRadius = this.radius - this.stroke * 2;
const circumference = normalizedRadius * 2 * Math.PI;
return {
normalizedRadius,
circumference
};
}
});
Since computed properties are supported out-of-the-box in Vue we can use it to calculate the value of stroke-dashoffset.
computed: {
strokeDashoffset() {
return this._circumference - percent / 100 * this._circumference;
}
}
Next, we add our SVG as a template. Notice that the easy part here is that Vue provides us with bindings, bringing JavaScript expressions inside attributes and styles.
template: `
<svg
:height="radius * 2"
:width="radius * 2"
>
<circle
stroke="white"
fill="transparent"
:stroke-dasharray="circumference + ' ' + circumference"
:style="{ strokeDashoffset }"
:stroke-width="stroke"
:r="normalizedRadius"
:cx="radius"
:cy="radius"
/>
</svg>
`
When we update the progress prop of the element in our app, Vue takes care of computing the changes and update the element styles.
See the Pen Vue ProgressRing component by Jeremias Menichelli (@jeremenichelli) on CodePen.
Note: An interval was added to simulate the progress change. We do that in the next example as well.
As a React component
In a similar way to Vue.js, React helps us handle all the configuration and computed values thanks to props and JSX notation.
First, we obtain some data from props passed down.
class ProgressRing extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
const { radius, stroke } = this.props;
this.circumference = radius * 2 * Math.PI;
this.normalizedRadius = radius - stroke * 2;
}
}
Our template is the return value of the component's render function where we use the progress prop to calculate the stroke-dashoffset value.
render() {
const { radius, stroke, progress } = this.props;
const strokeDashoffset = this.circumference - progress / 100 * this.circumference;
return (
<svg
height={radius * 2}
width={radius * 2}
>
<circle
stroke="white"
fill="transparent"
strokeWidth={ stroke }
strokeDasharray={ this.circumference + ' ' + this.circumference }
style={ { strokeDashoffset } }
stroke-width={ stroke }
r={ this.normalizedRadius }
cx={ radius }
cy={ radius }
/>
</svg>
);
}
A change in the progress prop will trigger a new render cycle recalculating the strokeDashoffset variable.
See the Pen React ProgressRing component by Jeremias Menichelli (@jeremenichelli) on CodePen.
Wrap up
The recipe for this solution is based on SVG shapes and styles, CSS transitions and a little of JavaScript to compute special attributes to simulate the drawing circumference.
Once we separate this little piece, we can port it to any modern library or framework and include it in our app, in this article we explored web components, Vue, and React.
Further reading
Building a Progress Ring, Quickly is a post from CSS-Tricks
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